Non-native species
naturalized in Texas: Reported since 1970
Non-native species naturalized in Texas are tracked
here in literature to record those reported as new for the state after
the 1970 publication of Correll & Johnston’s Manual (species from the Manual
also are being added, but slowly). In
some cases, a species is listed to exclude it from the Texas flora or to
discuss its nativity. For each species,
the literature reference is provided, with reported Texas counties and other
brief notes, as appropriate or as known.
The species are listed alphabetically by family, genus, and
species.
A number of species have been reported without
documentation by Johnston (1990), Hatch et al. (1990), Jones et al. (1997), and
Turner et al. (2003). For examples, see
Poaceae, Solanaceae,
Verbenaceae below. Vouchers or other documentation for these will be added, as time
and resources allow. These species are
marked in the list below with “%”
Correll,
D.S. and M.C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas.
Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas.
Hatch, S.L., K.N. Gandhi, and
L.E. Brown. 1990. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of
Texas. MP-1665, Texas Agric. Expt.
Station, Texas A&M Univ., College Station.
Johnston, M.C. 1990.
The vascular plants of Texas: A list, up-dating the ‘Manual of the
Vascular Plants of Texas.’ Second
edition. Published by the author.
Turner, B.L., H. Nichols, G.
Denny, and O. Doron. 2003. Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Vol.
I––Dicots; Vol. II––Monocots. Sida,
Bot. Misc. 24, 1 and 2.
First
reports for Texas of Casuarina equisetifolia, Cupaniopsis
anacardioides, and Kalanchloe daigremontiana, and critical
documentation for Leucaena leucocephala, Lonicera fragrantissima,
and Lonicera maackii have recently been made by the citizen scientists
(as noted below) for the Invaders of Texas Database. The Invaders of Texas Database also provides a huge amount of
interesting and useful information on many other species.
Invaders of Texas Database. 2009. Allan R. Berger, Walter Berry, Cathy Brock, Frankie Fox, Ruth Hoese, Kris Kirkwood, Richard Klopshinske, Mary Grace Lopez, Victor Madamba, Joe Marcus, Gary Martin, Matthew Mortimer, Paula Parson, Karan Rawlins, Elizabeth Rodriguez, Marilyn Sallee, and Jim Shouse. <http://www.texasinvasives.org/observations/> See individual taxa for specific references.
Last update: 7 Jan 2010 [see comments on Schinus longifolius]
Guy Nesom, Fort Worth
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACANTHACEAE
* Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson
Angerstein, M.B. and D.E. Lemke.
1994. First records of the
aquatic weed Hygrophila polysperma (Acanthaceae) from Texas. Sida 16: 365–371.
Comal and Hays cos., in the Comal and San Marcos rivers. “We surmise that H. polysperma was
introduced into Texas river systems either directly through cultivation by
local aquatic plant nurseries … or indirectly through careless dumping by
aquarists.”
Comment from James Van Kley, 2 Oct 2009
“… unfortunately Hygrophila
is already deeply entrenched and very abundant/ widespread at Caddo Lake and
would be very difficult to eradicate from there. I'm afraid it's here to stay.”
* Nomaphila stricta (Vahl) Nees
Ramamoorthy, T.P. and B.L. Turner.
1992. Nomaphila stricta
(Acanthaceae), a newly discerned aquatic weed in Texas, and the first report
for North America. Sida 15: 115–117.
Val Verde Co. Speculated to have
been introduced into San Felipe Springs as someone released minnows or
goldfish.
AGAVACEAE
* Agave weberi Cels ex Poisson
Noted by Correll &
Johnston (1970, p. 421) as “known only in cultivation, cultivated along Route
83,” in Webb Co.
ALOACEAE
* Aloe vera
(L.) Burm. f.
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“Found semi-wild in extreme southern Texas”
* Alternanthera caracasana Kunth
As noted by Diggs et al. (2000), this species has been
regarded as a North American native, but Henrickson (1993) indicated that it is
native to Central America and South America.
Henrickson, J.
1993. Amaranthaceae. In J.C. Hickman (ed.). The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of
California. Univ. of California,
Berkeley.
* Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus.
1998. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Liberty Co.
* Amaryllis belladona L.
Not included in the formal
Manual treatment but noted by C&J (1970, p. 413) as “abundantly spread in
and along a slough on the west edge of Edna in Jackson County, where it is
well-established.”
* Habranthus tubispathus (L’Her.) Traub
Holmes, W.C. and C.J. Wells.
1980. The distribution of Habranthus
tubispathus (L' Hér.) Traub in South America and North America—Texas and
Louisiana. Sida. 8: 328–333.
21 counties
The species occurs in southeast Texas and
northwestern Louisiana, where it grows in “disturbed places of low, usually
grassy vegetation (lawns, roadsides, railroads, etc.).” It “is very abundant in west-central
Louisiana only in the areas settled or developed at the same time Texas was
being settled by the Spanish.” It previously was considered to be a native species (as H. texensis
(Herbert) Steud., but the main area of distribution of the
species is Argentina,
Brazil, central and southern Chile, and southern Uruguay. Holmes and Wells hypothesize that the
long-disjunct North American plants were introduced in
late 17th or early 18th century by Spanish missionaries.
ANACARDIACEAE
* Schinus longifolius (Lindl.) Speg. & Girola
Schinus
longifolius was included in the Correll & Johnston Manual (1970), with
the comment that it was “Introd. into s. Tex. as an ornamental, and apparently
naturalized in several localities.” In
preparation of the FNA treatment of Anacardiaceae, Susan Pell and John Mitchell
have been unable to find a voucher documenting its presence in the state. Tom Patterson (email, 7 Jan 2010) provides
the interesting and illuminating commentary below regarding the status of Schinus
species in Texas -- resulting in the elimination of S. longifolius as a
member of the Texas flora.
In
Barkley’s 1943 treatment of Anacardiaceae in Lundell's Flora of Texas, there
are specimen citations for each of the native species. There are no citations for Schinus longifolius
and S. molle. In his species
account of S. longifolius, he wrote "Introd. into Texas as an
ornamental, and apparently naturalized."
[The “s.” in “s. Texas” and also “in several localities” was added in
the subsequent description in Correll and Johnston].
In
1944, Barkley published a monograph of Schinus (Brittonia 5:
160–198). In his treatment of S.
longifolius, he cited only one specimen from Texas: "TEXAS
(cultivated): HARRIS: Teas' Nursery, Houston, April 16, 1928, Palmer 33358 (AA-Harv, ANSP,
MBG)." Based on this information, S.
longifolius should not be included in the Texas flora. Apparently Barkley
had a broad concept of "naturalized" - a cultivated plant with a
voucher.
In
South Texas, Schinus terebinthifolius has escaped cultivation in the
Corpus Christi area and the Brownsville area.
Schinus molle has escaped cultivation in the Laredo area.
* Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
Lemke, D.E. 1992. Schinus terebinthifolius
(Anacardiaceae) in Texas. Phytologia
72: 42–44.
Cameron, Hidalgo cos.; “sporadically collected over the past 45 years from
Cameron and Hidalgo counties, where it occurs both in cultivation and
naturalized along the banks of several resacas.”
* Pistacia chinensis Bunge
McWilliams, E. 1991. The impending naturalization of Pistacia
chinensis (Anacardiaceae) in East Texas.
Sida 14: 508–509.
Brazos Co. “By 1928, it became
recognized that P. chinensis was well adapted [around the nursery of
the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in College Station].” The species is now naturalized and “young
trees ranging in age from a few years to about 20 years can be found in
disturbed Post Oak woodlands in central Brazos Co.”
APIACEAE
* Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.
Lipscomb, B.L. and G.M. Diggs, Jr.
2005. Hydrocotyle
sibthorpioides (Apiaceae) new for Texas and notes on introduced
species. Sida 21: 2449–2456.
Dallas Co.
*Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.
Mathias, M.E. and L. Constance. 1944. Torilis (Umbelliferae). N. Amer. Fl. 28B, Part 1: 110–111.
Mathias and Constance (1944) included “Texas” in their statement of range for the species, and that has been the basis for its inclusion in accounts of the Texas flora (i.e., PLANTS Database). In the SMU collection are 5 collections annotated in 1949 by Mathias & Constance as Torilis
japonica, but
none of these plants differs in any perceptible way from T. arvensis and all 5 of them were annotated by L.E. Shinners in
1965 as T.
arvensis:
Lampasas Co.––Whitehouse
15370; San Saba
Co. ––Correll
& Correll 12683;
Tarrant Co. ––Whitehouse
16088; Travis
Co. ––Whitehouse
11312, Tharp s.n. Torilis japonica is excluded as an element of the Texas flora.
APOCYNACEAE
*
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
Hill, S.R. 1982. Distributional and nomenclatural notes on the flora of the Texas coastal bend. Sida 9: 309–326.
Refugio Co., “persists occasionally at old house sites”
ARACEAE
* Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Arridge, R.E. and P.J. Fonteyn.
1981. Naturalization of Colocasia
esculenta (Araceae) in the San Marcos River, Texas. Southw. Nat. 26: 210–211.
Dense stands of this species grow on the banks of the Blanco, Colorado, and
Guadalupe, and San Marcos rivers.
This species is currently recorded from 8 counties (fide Turner et al. 2003; TEX database). Jackie Poole (pers. comm., July 2009) notes that it is “under-represented in herbaria. It’s at Lost Maples in Bandera County, and I don’t doubt that it’s in many other Hill Country streams as well.” It also is naturalized in ditch-like drainages in Trinity Park and along banks of the Trinity River within the city of Fort Worth (Nesom, pers. observ.). The Invaders of Texas database and EDD Map show the species in 11 counties: Bexar, Brazoria, Guadalupe, Hardin, Harris, Hays, Liberty, Montgomery, Tarrant, Travis, and Valverde.
* Cryptocoryne beckettii Thwaites ex Trimen
Rosen, D.J. 2000. Cryptocoryne beckettii (Araceae), a
new aquatic plant in Texas. Sida 19:
399–401.
Hays Co.
* Pistia stratioides L.
Included in the 1970 Texas Flora. Vouchered at TEX for 7 counties, but shown
by Howard (2009) to occur in 10 discrete Texas drainage systems, clearly in at
least 10 counties.
Howard,
V. 2009. Pistia stratiotes.
USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
<http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1099.> Revision Date: 3/14/2008
* Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott
Lemke, D.E. and E.L. Schneider. 1988.
Xanthosoma
sagittifolium
(Araceae) new to Texas. Southw. Nat.
33: 498–499.
San Marcos River in Hays Co., growing with Colocasia esculenta; Guadalupe River near Seguin in Guadalupe Co. “Despite a superficial resemblance and their
occurrence in close association with one another, C. esculenta and X. sagittifolium can be easily distinguished. The leaves of C. esculenta are peltate with a velvety sheen on the upper surface
and have a purplish spot on the upper epidermis opposite the insertion of the
petiole, while those of X. sagittifolium are not peltate and have a lustrous green upper surface
lacking the purplish centrum. The
inflorescences of C.
esculenta,
which appear abundantly in our area in late summer and fall, have a bright
yellow spathe; although we have not observed X. sagittifolium in flower, its spathe is reported to be creamy white
(Godfrey and Wooten, 1979).”
ASCLEPIACEAE
Cryptostegia
grandiflora (Roxb. ex
R. Br.) R. Br.
Patterson, T.F. and G.L. Nesom.
2009. Cryptostegia
grandiflora (Asclepiadaceae), a new non-native weed for
Texas. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
3: 461–463.
Starr Co. Two
localities along the Rio Grande; it is abundant at both sites and often densely
covers entire trees. This species has
been described by the Australian Invasive Species Council as “arguably Australia's worst weed.”
ASTERACEAE
* Arctium minus Bernh.
Hulten, E. and M. Fries. 1986.
Atlas of North
European vascular plants north of the Tropic of Cancer.
Hultén and Fries (1986, Vol. 2, Map 1853) mapped the species for Texas, at the southern extremity of its adventive range in North America, placing a dot near the center of the state. Its occurrence in Texas may be expected, as it is documented to occur in New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana (PLANTS Database), but no voucher or other documentation has been located for its occurrence in Texas (Keil 2006 - Arctium in FNA) and the species is excluded from the current account of Texas plants.
* Carduus acanthoides L.
Jones, S.D., J.K. Wipff, and P.M.
Montgomery. 1997. Vascular plants of Texas: A comprehensive checklist
including synonymy, bibliography, and index.
Listed
by Jones et al. (1997); mapped by Turner et al. (2003) for Collin and
Schleicher counties. Vouchers are at TEX.
Collin
Co.: Farm Rd
981just E of jct with Hwy 78, bottomland forest, 13 May 1992, Saunders
3418 (TEX). Schleicher Co.: Westernmost
portion of Eldorado, weed along Hwy 190, 8 Jun 2001, Turner 21-770
(TEX).
* Carduus pycnocephalus L.
Identification
and taxonomy of Carduus pycnocephalus must be considered in conjunction
with that of the very similar C. tenuiflorus Curtis. Cory (1940) collected plants of C.
pycnocephalus in Sutton Co. in 1939, in pastures and fields growing with
plants of Silybum marianum and Carduus nutans, all three
of which apparently arrived there in a shipment of hay from California. In a later collection from Sutton Co. (Cory
53662, 5 May 1947, SMU), he had changed the identification to C.
tenuiflorus. Carduus tenuiflorus,
as it has been subsequently identified in Texas, now has spread over a large
region of central Texas (Turner et al. 2003).
Dunn (1976) identified the Texas plants
as Carduus pycnocephalus,
and Keil (2006, Carduus
in FNA) included Texas among the states in the known range of C.
pycnocephalus (“Aggressive weed of waste ground, rangelands,
pastures, roadsides, fields; Ala., Ark., Calif., Idaho, Miss., N.Y., Oreg.,
Pa., S.C., Tex.”).
He including only California and Oregon in the North American range of C.
tenuiflorus, noting that it has been
reported from New Jersey, Texas, and Washington but that he had not seen
specimens from those states.
Comments on
the subtle and quantitative distinctions between Carduus
pycnocephalus and
C. tenuiflorus were
provided by Keil. He
also noted that “Published chromosome counts (2n = 18, 31, 32, 54, 60,
64, 80) for C. pycnocephalus from a variety of Old World localities
indicate that this is a complex species in need of further investigation. …
The two species sometimes grow in mixed populations and at times appear
to intergrade. Hybridization has been
reported in Europe … and is suspected to occur in California.” The two also have been treated as
conspecific, the younger name becoming C.
pycnocephalus L. var. tenuiflorus
(Curtis) Fiori.
It seems
clear that only a single evolutionary entity is represented among the Texas
plants, whether from the initial introduction in Sutton Co. or
from multiple introductions. The morphology and variability in Texas are
similar to that characteristic of California plants of Carduus pycnocephalus as well as all or almost all California collections at
BRIT and TEX identified as C. tenuiflorus. The
Texas plants are more appropriately and consistently identified as Carduus
pycnocephalus rather than C. tenuiflorus.
Dunn, P.H.
1976. Distribution of Carduus
nutans, Carduus acanthoides, Carduus pycnocephalus,
and Carduus crispus in the USA. Weed Sci. 24:
518–24.
* Carthamus lanatus L. Distaff Thistle
Abstract (Invasive Species Conference, 2005): DISTAFF THISTLE: AN EXAMPLE OF AN INVASIVE ANNUAL PLANT ON TEXAS RANGELANDS. Barron S. Rector, Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station
http://www.texasinvasives.org/conference/abstract_detail.php?abstract_id=45
“Distaff
thistle is an introduced, overwintering annual from the Mediterranean
region. It is presently found on a
variety of disturbed rangelands in 26 Texas counties.”
Carthamus lanatus L. is vouchered in Texas from Gillespie, McCulloch,
Kimble, Schleicher, and Coryell counties (collections at BRIT, TEX), and Llano,
Menard, and Tom Green counties (as additionally mapped by Turner et al. 2003),
where it has been found in pastures and gravel pits and along roadsides.
* Carthamus
tinctorius L. Safflower
Mapped
by Turner et al. (2003) for Brazos and Tarrant counties, evidently based on the
following collections.
Brazos Co.: College Station, 8 Apr
2006, Reed & Reed 3086 (TAMU).
Ellis Co.: Waxahatchie, in yard near a house along FM 55, not in
vicinity of a bird feeder, ca. 7 plants in area 15 feet long, 11 Jun 2002, Hill et al. s.n. (BRIT). Tarrant Co.:
Fort Worth, weed in yard, probably from bird seed, 19 Jun 1996, Sylvester 2414 (BRIT).
* Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
O’Kennon, R.J. and G.L. Nesom.
1988. First report of Cirsium
vulgare (Asteraceae) from Texas.
Sida 13: 115–116.
Gillespie Co.; vouchered at TEX in 2009 from Bandera, Bexar, Brazoria,
Galveston, Gillespie, Hays, Kendall, and Kerr counties.
* Cnicus benedictus L.
Jones, S.D., J.K. Wipff, and P.M.
Montgomery. 1997. Vascular plants of Texas: A comprehensive checklist
including synonymy, bibliography, and index.
Listed by Jones et al. (1997); included in the Texas distribution by Keil
and Ochsmann (2006), apparently on the basis of the Jones et al.
listing: “Roadsides, fields, waste places, sometimes
cultivated; N.B., N.S., Ont.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Conn., Fla., Ga.,
Ill., Md., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Oreg., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Wash.,
Wis.” The Texas record apparently is
based on the following:
Callahan
Co.: “grown in a pot from a wheat field,” Mar 1993, J. Landers s.n.
(TAES). The plant apparently was grown
to identify a weed submitted for identification. Thanks to Steve Hatch for the voucher information.
* Cotula australis (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. f.
Recorded
by Johnston (1990) based on plants from the Texas A&M campus, as documented
here by collections at TEX; the report by Hatch et al. (1990) probably based on
the same or similar collections.
Brazos Co.: College Station, campus of A&M University, lawn weed with Soliva, 27 Apr 1970, Correll & Correll 38493 (LL, TEX); Texas A&M University campus, an Australian weed widely adventive in W hemisphere, the first population known in Texas, 23 Apr 1970, Johnston s.n. (TEX).
* Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
1: 1255–1264.
Harris, Polk cos. “Plants of this
species rarely persist for more than one growing season but are often re-seeded
for roadside beautification.”
* Crepis zacintha (L.) Babcock
Gandhi, K.N. and L.E. Brown.
1993. Crepis zacintha
(Asteraceae), adventive in Texas, and the first record in North America. Sida 15: 547–550.
Waller Co.
* Crepis setosa Hall. f.
Hanesworth, V. 1993. Crepis setosa (Asteraceae) a newly
established introductant in central Texas.
Sida 15: 657–658.
Travis Co.
* Dimorphotheca sinuata DC. Glandular cape-marigold
Keith, E.L. 2004. Dimorphotheca sinuata and Zinnia
violacea (Asteraceae), two escaped cultivars new to Texas. Phytologia 86: 29–31.
Walker Co.; “Approximately a dozen plants were found blooming [19 Feb 2002]
… along a recently constructed roadside with black clayey soil. These plants may be the result of direct
seeding or contaminants in grass seeds; however, several plants were present at
the same location in spring 2002.
* Emilia fosbergii Nicolson
Williams, J.K. 1994. Emilia fosbergii (Asteraceae:
Senecioneae), a new introduction to Texas.
Sida 16: 378–379. Spencer,
W.P. 2005. Emilia fosbergii (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) in Texas
revisited. Sida 21: 1937–1938.
Travis, Walker cos.
* Gamochaeta antillana (Urb.) Anderb.
Nesom, G.L. 2004. New distribution records for Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21: 1175–1186.
Nesom, G.L. 2007. Distribution of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 1125–1130.
Many counties. (vs. Gamochaeta
falcata (Lam.) Cabrera)
* Gamochaeta argyrinea Nesom
Nesom, G.L. 2004. New species of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) from the eastern United States and comments on
similar species. Sida 21: 717–742. Nesom, G.L. 2007. Distribution of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 1125–1130.
Abundant in many counties in east Texas.
* Gamochaeta calviceps (Fern.) Cabrera
Nesom, G.L. 2004. New distribution records for Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21: 1175–1186.
Nesom, G.L. 2007. Distribution of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 1125–1130.
Many counties. (vs. Gamochaeta
falcata (Lam.) Cabrera)
* Gamochaeta coarctata (Willd.) Kerg.
Nesom, G.L. 2004. New species of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) from the eastern United States and comments on
similar species. Sida 21: 717–742. Nesom, G.L.
2004. New distribution records
for Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21: 1175–1186. Nesom, G.L.
2007. Distribution of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 1125–1130. Pruski, J. and G.L. Nesom. 2004.
Gamochaeta coarctata, the correct name for Gamochaeta
spicata (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae).
Sida 21: 711–716.
Many counties. (vs. Gamochaeta
americana (P. Miller) Wedd., which is not known to occur north of Mexico)
* Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera
Nesom, G.L. 2004. New species of Gamochaeta
(Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) from the eastern United States and comments on
similar species. Nesom, G.L. 2007.
Distribution of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Texas,
Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. J.
Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 1125–1130.
The nativity of Gamochaeta pensylvanica is ambiguous, but it is
likely that it was early introduced to North America. At least it appears to be non-native and invasive in Texas.
*
Hypochaeris brasiliensis (Less.) Hook. & Arn. var. tweedei (Hook.
& Arn.) Baker
Tomb, S. 1974. Hypochaeris in Texas. Sida 5: 287–289.
Anderson Co., disturbed roadside on SE edge of Palestine
* Hypochaeris glabra L.
Diggs, G.M. Jr., R. J. O’Kennon, and B.L. Lipscomb. 1997.
Hypochaeris glabra (Asteraceae), a new record for Texas. Sida 17: 633–634. Williamson Co.
Brown, L.E. and I.S. Elsik.
2002. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. II. Sida 20: 437–444.
Harris, Leon, Waller cos.
Add Brazos, Burleson cos., fide
M. Reed, Jan 2009
*
Hypochaeris radicata L.
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496. Confirmed by Tomb, S. 1974. Hypochaeris in Texas. Sida 5: 287–289.
Newton Co., edge of woods 3 mi S of Burkeville
* Lactuca saligna L.
O'Kennon, R.J., G.M. Diggs, Jr., and B.L. Lipscomb. 1998.
Lactuca saligna (Asteraceae), a lettuce new for Texas. Sida 18: 615–619.
Tarrant Co.
* Lapsana communis L.
O'Kennon, R.J., T.M. Barkley, G.M. Diggs, Jr., and B.L. Lipscomb. 1999.
Lapsana communis (Asteraceae) new for Texas and notes on
invasive exotics. Sida
18:1277–1283.
Tarrant Co.
* Leontodon hispidus L.
Included for Texas by the “Texas A&M Bioinformatics Workin Group” website (fide PLANTS), without documentation.
Mapped by
Turner et al. (2003) for Panola Co. An
apparently corresponding voucher at TEX is from adjacent Harrison Co.: Marshall,
SE corner of yard at Grover Hall, East Texas Baptist College, 16 Jun 1983, Fleetwood 6
(TEX).
* Leontodon saxatilis Lam. (synonym = Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat)
Leontodon taraxacoides
(Villars) Willdenow ex Mérat de Vaumartoise (1831), long used for this species,
is a later homonym of L. taraxacoides Hoppe & Hornschuch
(1821). … Leontodon saxatilis is widely introduced in North
America. It is identified by heads
borne singly, ebracteate peduncles, glabrous or hairy leaves, and mixed
pappi. Some individuals are coarsely
hirsute and easily confused with L. hispidus” (D.J. Bogler, in FNANM,
Vol. 19: 294–296, 2006). Thanks to John
Strother for pointing out that L. taraxacoides is a later homonym,
giving way to the use of L. saxatilis.
Vuilleumier, B.S. 1973. The genera of Lactuceae (Compositae) in the southeastern United
States. J. Arnold Arb.
54: 42–93.
Vuilleumier (1973) included “Texas” in the statement of range for Leontodon taraxacoides; mapped by Turner et al. (2003) from El Paso Co. (as Leontodon
“taraxacum”). A voucher at TEX
is from El Paso Co.: El Paso, 7400 block of N Mesa, in watered
lawn, 12 Aug 1993, Worthington 22279 (TEX).
* Logfia arvensis
(L.) Holub
Identified and treated in the Manual (1970) as Stylocline
micropoides Gray, according to Johnston
(1990).
El
Paso Co. “Rare at El Paso.”
This species has been included by the
PLANTS Database (USDA, NRCS 2009) in
the Texas flora based on Johnston (1990).
Johnston, however, noted only that his description of Stylocline
micropoides Gray in the Texas Manual
(Correll & Johnston 1970) was “wholly inappropriate, [and] instead applies
to Logfia arvensis.” The real Stylocline
micropoides, which is a native species, is
vouchered from El Paso. El Paso Co.: NW
part of El Paso at small andesite hills 0.3 mi. N of jct Belvedere w/ Westwind,
4200 ft., mostly a creosote bush community with several substrate types and
arroyos, 29 Apr 1983, Worthington 10130 (TEX, UTEP). The real Logfia
arvensis has not been observed in Texas
(Worthington 1989, 1997), and the species is excluded from the current account of Texas plants.
* Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl.
Turner
et al. (2003) mapped the species for Grimes County, evidently based on early
collections from Plantersville, a town whose
population has fluctuated around 200 since about 1900. The Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe Railway runs
through the town and might have been a source of the seeds, but the label data
do not indicate that the plants were naturalized or waifed in Plantersville. It
seems most likely that they were garden collections. Madia
elegans has
not been reported as naturalized from anywhere else outside its native range in
California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, and the species is excluded from
the current account of Texas plants.
Grimes Co.: Plantersville, Fall 1927, Bletsch 42-77 (TEX); Plantersville, Fall 1927, Bletsch s.n. (TEX).
* Matricaria courrantiana DC.
Kearney, T.H. and R.H. Peebles. 1960. The Flora of Arizona.
Kearney
and Peebles (1960, p. 937) included “Texas” in the description of geographic
range for the species, and Arizona and Texas remain the only two states
recorded for the occurrence of this species in the USA (fide PLANTS). Although the statement by Kearney and
Peebles surely was based on an actual observation, until a voucher for the
Texas record can be located, the species is excluded from the
current account of Texas plants.
* Matricaria recutita L.
Hulten, E. and M. Fries. 1986.
Atlas of North
European vascular plants north of the Tropic of Cancer.
Vouchers
at TEX from Gonzales, Starr, and Webb cos.
* Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & Burtt
Nesom, G.L. 2001. New records in Pseudognaphalium
(Gnaphalieae: Asteraceae) for the United States. Sida 19: 1185–1190.
Kimble Co., El Paso Co., Parker Co.
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
1: 1255–1264. Liberty Co.
* Sanvitalia
angustifolia A. Gray
M.C. Johnston (1990), with the following comment: “Found once in the campgrounds of the Chisos Mountains basin, perhaps waifed through automobile dispersal from its native home in Mexico.”
Brewster Co.: Big Bend National Park, Chisos Mts. Basin Campground, at the first campsite on the rt. after the paypost, only two plants seen, 13 Oct 1978, Henrickson & Bontemps 12444 (TEX).
* Sanvitalia
procumbens Lam.
Strother, J. L.
1979. Extradition of Sanvitalia
tenuis to Zinnia (Compositae-Heliantheae). Madroño
26: 173–179.
Noted by
Strother (1979) to occur “in trans-Pecos Texas in Chisos Basin (J. Henrickson
pers. comm.),” with further comment (Strother FNANM 2006, p. 71): “Sanvitalia procumbens has been seen only sporadically in the flora;
it probably is not a resident.”
Strother (pers. comm.) comments that for the FNANM treatment, he “saw
no supporting specimen(s) for Sanvitalia procumbens from California or
Texas,” and it is probable that Henrickson’s communication was intended to
refer to S. angustifolia. Sanvitalia
procumbens is excluded from the current account of Texas plants.
* Scorzonera
laciniata L.
Recorded by Johnston (1990) to occur in Randall Co., without other documentation. Collections of the species have been made from three Panhandle counties.
Hutchinson Co.: LAMR, Harbor Bay area, directly W of Fritch on Harbor Bay road, roadside and steep red-sandy slopes with dolomite boulders from caprock, 3190 ft, 22 Apr 2002, Nesom & O’Kennon LAMR 16 (BRIT); LAMR, lawn and roadside of NPS Ranger Station, just W of Sanford-Yake road on short spur, near jct of High Plains Road, 25 Apr 2002, Nesom & O’Kennon LAMR110 (BRIT); W side of Borger along Hwy 136, grassy areas bordering Wal-Mart parking lot, 28 May 2002, Nesom & O’Kennon LAMR243 (BRIT). Lubbock Co.: Canyon Rd, lower slopes and along the bottom of a “lone profile” canyon, 9 Apr 1990, Rose s.n. (LL). Randall Co.: Camp Don Herrington Boy Scout Camp on Palo Duro Creek, mixed shrub-grassland community, 24 Apr 1985, Higgins 15271 (TEX); Canyon, E side of town on vacant lot, 29 May 1988, Worthington 16584 (TEX).
* Senecio
vulgaris L.
Lipscomb, B. 1978. Additions to the Texas flora. Sida 7: 392–394.
Dallas Co., Wichita Co.
Brown L.E. and K.N. Gandhi. 1989. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions, range extensions, and one correction. Phytologia 67: 394–399.
Harris Co., sidewalk weed
Add Brazos, Medina cos., fide
M. Reed, Jan 2009; ubiquitous in Tarrant Co., pers. observ. Nesom
* Solivia anthemifolia (Juss.) Sweet
Turner et al. (2003) mapped Soliva
anthemifolia for Bastrop Co. and Leon Co., separately from “Soliva
mutisii,” which is shown with a considerably broader range. Soliva mutisii Kunth, however, is a
synonym for S. anthemifolia (Watson 2006), and in the Flora of Texas
Database (http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/Tex.html), identifications of TEX/LL
vouchers for these records have been corrected to S. stolonifera (Brot.)
Sweet and S. anthemifolia (Juss.) Sweet, respectively. Nueces Co. is added to the two other
counties for the distribution of S. stolonifera. Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pavón (= S.
pterosperma [Juss.] Less.) also is commonly and widely naturalized in east
Texas.
* Sonchus arvensis L.
Hatch
et al. (1990) noted that a previous claim that this species occurs in Texas has
not been confirmed. Jones et al. (1997)
included it in their checklist, but no voucher has been located and Texas was
not included in the range of the species in the FNANM treatment (Hyatt
2006). The species is excluded
from the current account of Texas plants.
* Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
1: 1255–1264.
Cherokee Co.
* Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) Nesom Beach Aster
Nesom, G.L. 2005. Taxonomy of the Symphyotrichum (Aster) subulatum group and Symphyotrichum (Aster) tenuifolium (Asteraceae: Astereae). Sida 21:2125–2140.
Galveston Co.
* Tagetes erecta
Keith, E.L. 2004. Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae), a new
escape to the flora of Texas.
Phytologia 86: 104–106.
Walker Co.
* Tridax procumbens L.
Brown, L.E. and I.S. Elsik.
2002. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. II. Sida 20: 437–444.
Hidalgo Co. (Cameron Co., sight record)
Everitt, J.H., R.I. Lonard, and C.R. Little. 2007. Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Texas Tech Univ. Press, Lubbock, Texas. Page 57: "Introduced. Tridax daisy, a federally listed noxious weed, was reported in Weslaco, Texas (Brown and Elsik 2002), and we have seen it in a recently landscaped park in Edinburg, Texas."
Tom Patterson (pers. observ. May 2009): “Since
its report from Weslaco, I have seen T. procumbens become an abundant
weed in disturbed soils along railroad tracks, curbs, and sidewalks in the
communities of McAllen, Mission, Rio Grande City, and Roma.”
* Zinnia violacea Cav. Elegant zinnia
Keith, E.L. 2004. Dimorphotheca sinuata and Zinnia
violacea (Asteraceae), two escaped cultivars new to Texas. Phytologia 86: 29–31.
Walker Co.; “Approximately 10 individuals were found …
The plants appear to have successfully reproduced because the area where
they occurred is on the edge of a cattle pasture where intentional cultivation
was unlikely.”
BASELLACEAE
* Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped
for Dallas, Tarrant, Travis, and Williamson cos.
Voucher: City of Austin,
near corner of Avenue H and 46th Street, massive vine completely covering
fencerow, 5 feet high, adventive, according to residents, 29 Jul 1991, Guy
& Genevieve Nesom 001 (TEX).
First report for Texas.
BERBERIDACEAE
* Nandina
domestica Thunb. %
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“Found as an escaped shrub in central Texas”
BIGNONIACEAE
* Macfadyena
unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry
Brown, L.E. and K.N. Gandhi. 1989. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions, range extensions, and one correction. Phytologia 67: 394–399.
Fort Bend Co., Brazos Bend State Park, large population.
* Paulownia
tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
BORAGINACEAE
* Anchusa azurea Mill.
Lemke, D.E. and V. Wesby.
1989. Anchusa azurea
(Boraginaceae), new to Texas. Sida 13:
516.
Kerr Co. Apparently garden escapes,
increasing in number along a roadside.
* Heliotropium europaeum L.
Hutzler, P.L. and D.E. Lemke.
1991. Recent collections of Heliotropium
europaeum (Boraginaceae) from Texas.
Sida 14: 618–619.
Hays Co. Previously known from an
1897 collection in Hays Co.; documented here from several collections from
different habitats.
* Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.
Johnston, I.M.
1924. A synopsis of the American
native and immigrant Borages of the Subfamily Boraginoideae. Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 3–55.
Among the
taxa treated by Johnston, only “L. texana var. genuina” was explicitly
attributed to Texas. Synonyms given by
Johnston were L.
texana (Scheele)
Britt., L.
cupulata
Rydb., and L.
rzedowskii var.
cupulata (K. Schum.) Jones.
BRASSICACEAE
* Armoracia lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & Bates
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus.
1998. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. Sida 18: 315–324.
First reported in 1987 from Tyler Co.; new records by Brown et al. 1998
from Liberty Co.
* Brassica tournefourtii Gouan.
Lemke, D.E. and R.D. Worthington.
1991. Brassica and Rapistrum
(Brassicaceae) in Texas. Southw.
Naturalist 36: 194–197. Also as Richard
Worthington pers. comm. (in M.C. Johnston, 1990)
El Paso, Hudspeth cos.
* Cakile maritima Scop.
Rodman, J.E. 1974. Systematics and evolution of the genus Cakile
(Cruciferae). Contr. Gray Herb. 205:
3–146.
Rodman cited “Texas, Balls Harbor, Reverchon s.n. (MO).
* Camelina rumelica Velen.
McGregor, R.L. 1984. Camelina rumelica, another weedy
mustard established in North America.
Phytologia 55: 227–228.
Denton Co.: 1.3 mi N Aubrey, along railroad, locally abundant, 9 Apr 1953, Shinners
14098 (SMU). Wise Co.: 5.2 mi SE of
Bridgeport, along railroad fill, locally abundant, 27 Mar 1953, Shinners
13857 (OKLA, SMU, TAES, UARK).
* Cardamine debilis D. Don
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus.
1998. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. Sida 18:315–324.
Dallas, DeWitt, Galveston, Harris cos.
* Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC.
Lipscomb, B. 1984. New additions or otherwise noteworthy plants of Texas. Sida 10: 326–327.
Dallam, Dallas, Deaf Smith, El Paso cos.
White, H.L. and W.C. Holmes.
1998. New plant records for
central Texas. Phytologia 85:
125–129.
Addition from McLennan Co.
* Coronopus squamatus (Forsk.) Aschers.
Attributed to Texas by the PLANTS Database, based on
“L.E. Brown, pers. comm.” L.E. Brown
(Larry), however, observes that “I am not familiar with this
species. I do not know how my name got
associated with this species in Texas” (pers. comm., 22 Feb 2009). The species is excluded from the Texas
flora.
* Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.
Rollins and Shaw pers. comm. 1980 (in M.C. Johnston, 1990).
El Paso Co.
Spellenberg, R.D., R.D. Worthington, P. Knight, and R. Fletcher. 1986.
Additions to the flora of New Mexico.
Sida 11: 455–470.
El Paso Co.––sight records by Worthington "indicate this Old World
weed to be well established and spreading."
* Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
1: 1255–1264.
Montgomery Co.
* Lepidium latifolium L.
Worthington, R.D. 1990. Additions to the flora of Texas from El Paso
County. Sida 14: 135–137.
El Paso Co. “Common in sandy areas
along the Rio Grande.”
Also Worthington pers. comm. 1989 (in M.C. Johnston, 1990).
* Malcolmia africana (L.) Ait. f.
Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 1984. The tribes of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) in
the southeastern United States. J.
Arnold Arb. 65: 343–373.
Al-Shehbaz noted in the
introduction to the “Key to the Genera” that “Malcolmia africana (L.) R.
Br. and Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. are well established weeds in
Texas and some of the western states …”
No other evidence is known that Malcolmia occurs in Texas, and
until a voucher might be found, the species is excluded here from the Texas
flora.
* Raphanus rapistrum L.
Brown, L.E. and I.S. Elsik.
2002. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. II. Sida 20: 437–444.
Fort Bend, Harris, San Jacinto cos.
* Raphanus raphanistrum L.
Listed by Gould (1975), “Texas Plants––A Checklist and Ecological Summary,” but not in floristic summaries after that. Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Sinapis alba L. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as
listed.
* Sisymbrium orientale L.
Worthington, R.D. 1996. Comments on plant species added to the flora of Texas from El Paso County with more additions. Phytologia 80: 121–127. Also Worthington pers. comm. 1985, 1989 (in M.C. Johnston 1990).
El Paso Co.; it “has become established on disturbed sites on the west side
of El Paso. It has been found in the
spring on scraped lots, roadsides, and dumped dirt at 4000–4100 ft. elev.” Noted by Rollins (1993) to occur in
Texas.
CACTACEAE
* Pereskia aculeata P. Mill.
Ideker, J.
1996. Pereskia aculeata
(Cactaceae), in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Sida 00: 527.
Apparently naturalized in Willacy Co. in riparian
woodland.
Mapped by Turner et al. (2003) for Willacy Co. Two vouchers at TEX are evidently of plants
cultivated in Brownsville, Cameron Co.
CAMPANULACEAE
* Campanula rapunculoides L.
Brown, L.E. 1985. Campanula rapunculoides
(Campanulaceae) new to Texas. Sida 11:
102.
Bandera Co., Lost Maples State Park
*
Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. D.C.
M. C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“This was known some years ago in Texas but was omitted inadvertently from the Manual.”
CANNABACEAE
* Cannabis
sativa L. %
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496.
Texas.
CANNACEAE
* Canna ×generalis Bailey [C. glauca × C. indica]
Hill, S.R. 1982. Distributional and nomenclatural notes on the flora of the Texas coastal bend. Sida 9: 309–326.
Refugio Co.: “similar to the frequently escaped and persistent Canna indica reported by Jones (1977), but differs in its yellow and orange, not red, flowers. It persists at old house sites.” Reported as Canna ×orchioides Bailey.
* Canna glauca L.
Hatch et al. (1990); Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
Brazoria, Matagorda cos.
* Canna
indica L. %
Jones, F.B. 1977. Flora of the Texas Coastal Bend (ed. 2). Welder Wildlife Foundation Contr. B-6. Corpus Christi, Texas.
Coastal bend area
CAPPARIDACEAE
* Capparis
incana Kunth
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496.
Hidalgo Co.
J. Everitt pers. comm. 1988 (in M.C. Johnston 1990): Cameron Co., near Brownsville
Tom Patterson (pers. observ. May 2009): “Capparis incana occurs throughout Mexico north to northern Tamaulipas. The plants I have seen in Cameron Co. appear to be native. Just south of Cameron Co., C. incana is common around San Fernando. Its distribution in Texas is similar to other species which occur (or occurred) as a few plants to a few populations north of their main distribution in Mexico, such as Boerhavia mathisiana, Chamaecrista greggii, Colubrina greggii, Esenbeckia berlandieri, Manihot subspicata, and Seleniserus spinulosus. Seleniserus spinulosus was collected once in Texas in 1900 by J.N. Rose near Brownsville. I have seen this epiphytic cactus growing in the ebanos near San Fernando and Cerralvo. Both Capparis incana and Seleniserus spinulosus may have been more common in the Rio Grande Valley before the near complete removal of the vegetation from the flood plain of the Rio Grande Delta.”
On the basis of Patterson’s observations and comments, Capparis incana is regarded as a native species.
*Cleome hassleriana Chod.
%
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton
Reported as sight records by Diggs et al. (1999, North Central Texas, fide
R.J. O’Kennon) in Collin Co. and Tarrant Co.
Invaders of Texas Database. 2009. Karan Rawlins, Marilyn Sallee, observations Feb and Mar 2009. <http://www.texasinvasives.org/observations/search.php?satellite=&sn=LOFR&cn=> Tarrant Co., Fort Worth, N of Fort Worth, thickets, roadsides, along the Riverbottom Trail near Lake Worth.
Nesom (pers. observ., May 2009): naturalized in Trinity
Park in Fort Worth.
* Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.
Luken, J.O. and J.W. Thieret.
1995. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera
maackii; Caprifoliaceae): Its ascent, decline, and fall. Sida 16: 479–503. Luken & Thieret did not mention Texas as included in the
range of L. maackii.
Reported as sight records by Diggs
et al. (1999, North Central Texas. in the text, fide R.J. O’Kennon) in Dallas
Co. and Tarrant Co. Nesom (pers.
observ., May 2009) notes that L. maackii is very common along trail
sides and creek sides in Overton Park in Fort Worth.
Invaders of Texas Database. 2009. Matthew Mortimer, Jim Shouse, observations and photos Feb and Apr 2009. Dallas Co., Dallas, edge of woods, thickets, clearings. <http://www.texasinvasives.org/observations/search.php?satellite=&sn=LOTA&cn=> These plants were identified as Lonicera tatarica, but that species typically has red to pinkish flowers and has not been recorded as naturalized from any of the Gulf Coast states. Lonicera morrowii also is similar to L. maackii but is not known to be naturalized as far south as Texas.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
* Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis
Rabeler, R.K. and A.A. Reznicek. 1997. Cerastium pumilum and Stellaria pallida (Caryophyllaceae) new to Texas. Sida 17: 843–845.
Kaufman Co., “in moist, bare soil of lower slopes of a disturbed
grassy/sedgy ditch.”
* Dianthus armeria L.
Lipscomb, B. 1984. New additions or otherwise noteworthy plants
of Texas. Sida 10: 326–327.
Titus Co., three roadside localities
* Dianthus barbatus L. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb
Nesom, G.L. and R.J. O’Kennon.
2002. New vascular plant records
for Texas. Sida 20: 435–436.
Erath, Tarrant cos.
* Petrorhagia dubia (Raf.) G. López & Romo
Rabeler, R.K. 1985. Petrorhagia (Caryophyllaceae) of North America. Sida 11: 6–44.
14 counties in northeastern Texas, as mapped in Fig. 18 of Rabeler’s study.
Rabeler identified all Texas collections of Petrorhagia as P. velutina (Guss.) P.W. Ball & Heywood (= P. dubia), including those treated by Correll and Johnston
(1970) as P. prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood. Petrorhagia prolifera occurs in Arkansas and Oklahoma (as mapped by
Rabeler’s Fig 14) but is excluded from the Texas flora, although it is likely
to be discovered here.
* Sagina procumbens L. %
Hulten, E., and M. Fries. 1986.
Atlas of North
European vascular plants north of the Tropic of Cancer.
* Silene conoidea L.
Reed, M.D. 2004. Silene conoidea (Caryophyllaceae)
new to Texas. Sida 21: 493–494.
Washington Co.
* Silene dichotoma Ehrh.
Attributed to the Texas flora by
the PLANTS Database on the basis of Gleason (1963).
Gleason, H.A. 1963.
The New Britton
and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent
Canada.
* Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crépin
Rabeler, R.K. and A.A. Reznicek. 1997.
Cerastium
pumilum and Stellaria pallida (Caryophyllaceae) new to Texas. Sida 17: 843–845.
Hopkins Co., “dry, sandy, open soil of a disturbed
roadside, growing under Petrorhagia dubia.”
* Stellaria parva Pederson
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus.
1998. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Liberty Co.
CASUARINACEAE
* Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Invaders of Texas Database. 2009. Mary Grace Lopez, Paula Parson, and Walter Berry, observations and photos 2007, 2008, 2009. <http://www.texasinvasives.org/observations/search.php?satellite=&sn=CAEQ&cn=>
Cameron Co. (South Padre Island,
Loma Alta area) and Nueces Co. (Port Aransas).
Roadsides and vacant lots
Tom Patterson, pers. observ., May 2009: Casuarina equisetifolia is commonly planted in Cameron Co. as individual plants and wind breaks. Where planted I have seen the plants increase in number, but not escaping into the surrounding vegestation. In Florida, Tamaulipas (Tampico), and San Luis Potosi (Rio Verde), I have seen it become quite invasive. I don't know about its invasiveness for the upper Texas coast.
CELASTRACEAE
* Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.
First report for Texas here: Tarrant Co., Fort Worth,
Overton Park, large clone(?), ca. 6 square feet, bank of drainage at edge of
thicket, possibly washed downslope from house ca. 50 feet upslope, with Prunus caroliniana, Photinia serratifolia, Celtis laevigata, 18 May 2009, G.L. Nesom 09-01 (TEX, to be deposited).
CHENOPODIACEAE
* Chenopodium giganteum
D. Don %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
Chenopodium giganteum
was treated as a synonyn of C. album L. by Mosyakin (2003), who noted
that “Chenopodium album, one of the worst weeds and most widespread
synanthropic plants on the Earth, in its broad circumscription is also among
the most polymorphic plant species.
Mosyakin, S.L. 2003. Chenopodium. FNANM Vol. 4
* Corispermum hyssopifolium
L.
Excluded from the Texas flora (Mosyakin 1995, 2003). Plants in Texas previously identified as this species are treated by Mosyakin (1995, 2003) as C. americanum var. rydbergii Mosyakin
Mosyakin, S.L. 1995. New taxa of Corispermum L. (Chenopodiaceae), with preliminary comments on taxonomy of the genus in North America. Novon 5: 340–353. Mosyakin, S.L. 2003. Corispermum. FNANM Vol. 4
* Corispermum nitidum Kit. ex Schult.
Excluded from the Texas flora (Mosyakin 1995, 2003). Plants identified as this probably are C. americanum var. rydbergii Mosyakin.
* Corispermum orientale Lam. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed. But according to Mosyakin (2003) “No specimens resembling typical Corispermum orientale were found in North American collections. However, small-fruited and almost wingless specimens of C. villosum may be confused with C. orientale.”
* Salsola kali subsp. pontica (Pallas) Mosyakin %
Included for the
Texas flora by Mosyakin (2003).
Mosyakin, S. L. 1996. A taxonomic synopsis of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83: 387–395. Mosyakin, S.L. 2003. Salsola. FNANM Vol. 4
CLUSIACEAE
* Hypericum perforatum L.
Lipscomb, B. 1984. New additions or otherwise noteworthy plants
of Texas. Sida 10: 326–327.
Montague, Wise cos.
Well-established along roadsides.
Recollected in Wise Co. in 2004.
COMBRETACEAE
* Conocarpus erectus L. %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
* Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
Tom Patterson, pers. observ., May 2009: “I discovered these two species in 1998 growing in storm passes through the sand dunes of South Padre Island in Willacy Co. about 30 miles north of the town of South Padre Island. In five channels just south of the Mansfield Cut, I discovered over 15 plants of Conocarpus erectus and 4 plants of Laguncularia racemosa. These channels open and fill with water after storms. They remain full of water for the whole year. The last freezing cold spells for the South Texas Coast were in 1983 and 1989. The button mangroves (C. erectus) have grown in size and increased in number. Only two of the white mangroves (L. racemosa) survive and remain as short prostrate shrubs. The mangroves occur in undisturbed Spartina patens and Borrichia frutescens saline strand vegetation.”
COMMELINACEAE
* Gibasis pellucida (Martens & Galeotti) D.R. Hunt
Rosen, D.J. and R.B. Faden.
2005. Gibasis pellucida
(Commelinaceae), a new and potentially weedy genus and species for Texas. Sida 21: 1931–1934.
Galveston, Harris cos.
CONVOLVULACEAE
* Ipomoea setosa Ker.-Gawl. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Ipomoea turbinata Lag. %
SYN= Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq.
M.C. Johnston (1990).
* Ipomoea violacea L. %
SYN= Ipomoea tuba (Schlechtdl.) G. Don
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
CRASSULACEAE
* Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & Perrier
Invaders
of Texas Database. 2009. Mary Grace Lopez, observations and photo 16
Nov 2007. <http://www.texasinvasives.org/observations/search.php?satellite=&sn=KADA&cn=>
Nueces Co., SE side of Corpus Christi, “South Texas Botanical
Gardens and Nature Center on South Staples. Three site locations on Nature/Bird
Trail.”
Everitt, J.H., R.I. Lonard, and C.R. Little. 2007. Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Texas Tech Univ. Press, Lubbock, Texas. Page 82: "Introduced. This invasive species, introduced from Madagascar, is abundant in coastal soils at the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Site (Lonard, Richardson, and Richard 2004) and along the Arroyo Colorado in Cameron County (Christina Mild, pers. comm.). Dense carpets of vivparous plantlets form under parent plants."
* Kalanchoe
fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
CUCURBITACEAE
* Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed
* Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf. var. lanatus %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed. Var. citroides was reported in Correll & Johnston.
* Sicyos
microphyllus Kunth
J. Henrickson pers. comm. (in M.C. Johnston 1990).
Davis and Chisos Mountains. Species native to Texas.
CUSCUTACEAE
* Cuscuta japonica Choisy
Lisa Gonzalez, L. and J. DallaRosa. 2006. The Quiet Invasion: A Guide to Invasive Plants of the Galveston Bay Area. Houston Advanced Research Center.
Harris Co.
CYPERACEAE
* Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Clarke
Jones, S.D. and J.K. Wipff.
1992. Bulbostylis barbata
(Cyperaceae), previously unreported for Texas.
Phytologia 73: 381–383.
Newton Co.; roadside in disturbed area along small ditch. The species was noted by Kral (1971) as a
rapidly expanding invader in the SE USA, common forming dense populations in
cultivated ground.
* Cyperus difformis L.
Carr, W.R. 1988. Cyperus difformis L. (Cyperaceae)
new to Texas. Sida 13: 255–256. Lipscomb, B.L. 1980. Cyperus difformis
L. (Cyperaceae) in North America. Sida
8: 320–327.
Travis Co., Williamson Co. First
collected in 1981, noted to be spreading in the Brazos and Colorado river
systems. Background on the species,
prior to Texas documentation by Lipscomb (1980). Newton Co. added by Bryson et al. (1996). Bryson, C.T., J.R. MacDonald, R. Carter, and
S.D. Jones. 1996. Noteworthy Carex, Cyperus,
Eleocharis, Kyllinga, and Oxycaryum (Cyperaceae)
from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and Texas. Sida 17: 501–518.
* Cyperus entrerianus Böckeler Deeprooted sedge
Carter, R. 1990. Cyperus entrerianus (Cyperaceae),
an overlooked species in temperate North America. Sida 14: 69–77. Carter,
R. and S.D. Jones. 1991. Additional records of Cyperus
entrerianus (Cyperaceae) in the United States. Sida 14: 615–616. Rosen,
D.J., R. Carter, and Charles T.
Bryson. 2006. The recent spread of Cyperus entrerianus (Cyperaceae) in
the southeastern United States and its invasive potential in bottomland
hardwood forests. Southeastern Nat. 5:
333–344.
First reported for Texas by Carter 1990 in Chambers, Fort Bend, and Harris
cos.; Jackson, Newton cos. added in 1991; many additional southeastern counties
added later.
* Cyperus eragrostis Lam.
Noted by Tucker (1987, 1994) to be naturalized in Texas but without
documentation. Brown, L.E. and S.J.
Marcus. 1998. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Galveston, Harris cos.
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
1: 1255–1264.
Brazoria, Houston cos.
* Cyperus phaeolepis Cherm. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed
* Cyperus pilosus Vahl
Newton Co., in Caney Creek Park. Previously known to be introduced from South Carolina and Florida to Louisiana, where it “inhabits hydric soils of wet ditches, rice fields, edges of ponds, and wetlands.”
Carter, R., C.M. Allen, and P. and D.P Lewis. 2009. Cyperus pilosus (Cyperaceae) new to the flora of Texas. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3: 457–459.
* Cyperus prolixus Kunth %
Hatch et al 1990; Turner et al. 2003, as mapped
Galveston Co.
* Eleocharis vivipara Link
Kessler, J.W. 1983. Cyperaceae new to Texas and Louisiana. Sida 10: 190–191.
Robertson Co.; apparently native but nativity ambiguous.
* Rhychospora debilis Gale
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus.
1998. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Chambers Co.
* Scirpus cubensis Poepp. & Kunth
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus. 1998.
Notes on the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Brazoria, Fort Bend cos. These
apparently are the westernmost records for this species in its native
range. It occurs in 8 parishes in
Louisiana.
DIOSCORIDACEAE
* Dioscorea
bulbifera L. %
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496.
Eastern Texas
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
No voucher at TEX. The Invaders of Texas database and EDD map shows the species in Harris Co.
* Dioscorea oppositifolia L.
Johnston (1990) noted that “There is a possibility
that D. oppositifolia also occurs in Texas (for nomenclature and
character-states see Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989).” The species is included for Texas by the
PLANTS Database on the basis of the Johnston (1990) allusion, but no vouchers
have been seen and the species is excluded from the Texas flora.
DIPSACACEAE
* Dipsacus fullonum L.
Singhurst, J.R. and W.C. Holmes.
2000. Dipsacus fullonum
(Dipsacaceae) and Verbesina walteri (Asteraceae), new to Texas. Sida 19: 723–725.
Collin Co.
* Scabiosa atropurpurea L.
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed. Vouchered at TEX for Collin, Hunt, Lamar, and Rockwall counties.
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Brown L.E. and K.N. Gandhi. 1989. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions, range extensions, and one correction. Phytologia 67: 394–399.
Harris Co.; naturalized plants on bank of Langham Creek, west of Houston
ELAEAGNACEAE
* Elaeagnus
angustifolia L.
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“Widely escaped in the Great Plains, including the northern parts of the Texas panhandle.” Mapped by Turner et al. (2003) for 8 counties.
* Elaeagnus
commutata Rydb. %
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
Texas
* Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped for Brazos, Dallas, and Tarrant cos.
EUPHORBIACEAE
* Caperonia
palustris (L.) A. St.-Hil.
Included by Correll & Johnston, but omitted by error on earlier iterations of the present account. C&J noted that “the species arrived in Tex. about 1920” and cited Harris, Jefferson, and Matagorda counties. Turner’s Atlas (2003) shows it in 10 counties.
* Chamaesyce
hirta (L.) Millsp.
Lipscomb, B. 1984. New additions or otherwise noteworthy plants of Texas. Sida 10: 326–327.
Dallas Co., flower beds. “Correll & Johnston noted E. hirta as a rare waif in coastal south Texas and not persistent.”
* Chamaesyce
hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.
“Many populations of Texas Chamaesyce hypericifolia are likely to be vagrants but it appears to be native in Mexico and south. Also, I think it may be native in southern Florida and southern Texas. North of the Austin area, it favors unnatural urban plantings but in southern Texas, acts more like a native/or is often quite naturalized” (Mark Mayfield, June 2009). Regarded here as native to Texas.
* Chamaesyce
nutans (Lag.) Small
“I have never questioned that Chamaesyce nutans is a true native in North America, so I haven't researched it thoroughly. On the face of it, it seems native in Texas, even if weedy. It grows in naturally open/disturbed situations in much of the eastern USA too” (Mark Mayfield, June 2009). Native to Texas.
* Euphorbia
cyparissias L. %
Hulten, E. and M. Fries. 1986.
Atlas of North European vascular plants north of
the Tropic of Cancer
(as cited by the PLANTS Database).
Native to the Old World. No
voucher has been seen and it has never been reported by Texas botanists ––
based on the PLANTS reference, it remains on the account of Texas non-natives
as “Status unknown.”
* Euphorbia
exigua L.
Correll & Johnston (1970) noted that E. exigua was “collected once in Nueces Co. (adventive from Old World); probably not a persistent member of our flora.” Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Euphorbia
graminea Jacq.
Hidalgo Co. Greenhouses and flower beds on the campus of
Univ. of Texas––Pan American in Edinburg.
Everitt, J.H., R.I. Lonard,
and C.R. Little. 2007. Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico: A
Guide to Identification. Texas Tech Univ.
Press, Lubbock.
Jed Aplaca (pers. comm.) notes that he and Larry Brown
have collected this species in several locales in Harris Co.
* Euphorbia lathyris L.
O’Kennon, R.J. 1991. Euphorbia lathyris (Euphorbiaceae)
new for Texas. Sida 14: 609–610.
Gillespie Co.
* Manihot
esculenta Crantz
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
Hardin Co.: “One wild population … has been found to persist near Silsbee.”
*Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster
Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus.
1998. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Harris Co.
*
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
Chambers Co., Galveston Co.
Brown L.E. and K.N. Gandhi. 1989. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions, range extensions, and one correction. Phytologia 67: 394–399.
Harris Co., “frequent weedy plant in pots at Anderson Nursery” in Houston
FABACEAE
* Aeschynomene evenia C.
Wright
Rudd, V.E.
1955. The American species of Aeschynomene. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 32: 1–172.
Specimens cited from 3 counties. Cameron Co.: Brownsville, Runyon 2859 (US). Kleberg Co.: Riviera, 7 Sep 1929, Tharp
s.n. (UC); Armstrong, Runyon 1956 (US); Nueces Co.: Corpus Christi, Nealley
s.n. (F, MO). “The Texas specimens
approach Ae. indica in size of plants and in general appearance. However, on the basis of fruit width and
number and shape of articles, they are here cited as Ae. evenia var. evenia.”
* Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC
Noted by Isely (1990) to occur in Texas but not documented. Brown, L.E. and S.J. Marcus. 1998.
Notes on the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Hardin, Liberty cos.
* Arachis hypogaea L.
%
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Bauhinia galpinii N.E. Br.
Isely, D. 1975. Leguminosae of the United States: II.
Subfamily Caesalpinoideae. Mem. New
York Bot. Gard. 25: 1–228.
The statement of range noted “S Florida, probably Texas, Arizona, California,” and the map did not show a collection from Texas. Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Bauhinia monandra Kurz
Isely, D. 1990. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. 3, Part 2 Leguminosae (Fabaceae).
The statement of range noted “Urban areas primarily, cult. ornamental, occasionally persistent; cp. Fla. [Tex].” Not attributed to Texas in Isely (1998). Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Bauhinia purpurea L.
Isely, D. 1990. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
Vol. 3, Part 2 Leguminosae (Fabaceae).
The statement of range noted “Cult. ornamental, locally naturalized; cp. Fla. [Tex].” Not attributed to Texas in Isely (1998). Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Bauhinia variegata L.
Isely, D. 1990. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Vol. 3, Part 2 Leguminosae (Fabaceae).
The statement of range noted “Urban areas primarily, cult. ornamental, slightly established, cp. Fla and probably La. [Tex].” Isely (1998) included it for Texas as “introduced.” Not listed by Hatch et al. (1990) or vouchered at TEX. Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Caesalpinia mexicana A. Gray
Comments from Tom Patterson, 12
Aug 2009:
“I think it is non-native in
south Texas. Caesalpinia mexicana is cultivated throughout the Rio
Grande Valley by the common folk. It does occur in the wild in scattered
localities. Everitt, Drawe, and Lonard (2002) in Trees, Shrubs &
Cacti of South Texas: "Cultivated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in
the extreme southern portion of the Rio Grande Plains where it has escaped
along resacas and in brushlands." Further south in Tamaulipas and
between Cerralvo and Monterrey in Nuevo Leon, it appears to be native.”
* Canavalia ensiformis (L.)
DC.
Sauer, J.
1964. Revision of Canavalia. Brittonia 16: 106–181.
“All available
collections with habitat data are either from cultivation or apparently feral
escapes in artificial habitats.” Sauer
cited as a voucher from Texas “Howard 921 (US). Specimens at TEX are from cultivated plants
in Dallas Co. Excluded from the Texas
flora.
* Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.
Hatch et al. 1990; Turner et al. (2003), as mapped for
Kleberg and Kenedy cos. Isely (1998)
added a record for Cameron Co.
Tom Patterson, pers. observ., May 2009: “Canavalia rosea was collected from Padre Island in Kenedy Co. by Hildebrand in 1955. Turner collected it in Cameron Co. near the ferry landing in 1959. I visited the ferry landing site in 1995 and found C. rosea still persisting. Since then C. rosea is becoming a dominant dune plant in the town of South Padre Island.”
*
Coronilla varia L
Lipscomb, B. 1984. New additions or otherwise noteworthy plants of Texas. Sida 10: 326–327.
Montague Co., apparently seeded along highways and quickly naturalized.
* Crotalaria retusa L. %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
* Indigofera suffruticosa
Miller
As treated in Correll & Johnston (1970) -- omitted in early versions of this list.
* Lespedeza bicolor
Turcz.
Nesom, G.L. and L.E. Brown. 1998. An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Walker, Montgomery, and San Jacinto counties, Texas. Phytologia 84:107–153.
Cited in the checklist from San Jacinto Co.; documented by a collection by Nesom in SHSC. A large population was encountered in Sam Houston Natl. Forest, perhaps initially planted for wildlife forage.
* Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)
de Wit
Hatch et al. (2003), as listed.
Invaders of
Texas Database. 2009. Allan R. Berger, Cathy
Brock, Frankie Fox, Ruth Hoese, Kris Kirkwood, Richard Klopshinske, Mary
Grace Lopez, Victor Madamba, Gary Martin, and Elizabeth
Rodriguez, observations and photos 2007, 2008, 2009. <http://www.texasinvasives.org/observations/search.php?satellite=&sn=LELE10&cn=>
Nueces Co.
(S, SE, and E side of Corpus Christi, Padre Island, Portland), Galveston Co.
(Galveston), Aransas Co. (Aransas Pass, Rockport). Fencerows, low areas along roadsides and disturbed sites, open
fields, railroad right-of-way.
* Macroptilon gibbosifolium (Ortega) A. Delgado
%
Hatch et al. (2003), as listed. Nativity ambiguous.
* Mimosa asperata L. var.
berlandieri (A. Gray ex Torr.) B.L. Rob.
SYN = Mimosa pigra L. var. berlandieri (A. Gray ex Torr.) B.L. Turner
Hatch et al. 1990, as listed;
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped for Zapata, Starr, Hidalgo, Cameron, and Willacy cos. Apparently native in Texas at the northern
extremity of its range.
* Mimosa pellita Kunth ex
Willd.
Attribution of this species to Texas by the PLANTS Database,
ostensibly based on a listing by Hatch et al. (1990), is incorrect, as there
apparently is no such listing. Excluded
from the Texas flora.
* Neptunia plena
Richardson, A. and K. King.
2008. Neptunia plena (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) rediscovered in
Texas. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 2:
1491–1493.
Kenedy Co.
Originally collected by Robert Runyon in 1938 in a shallow pond south of
Armstrong; found again in 2007 near the same site, a low area in a highway
median with underlying clay.
* Oxyrhynchus volubilis
Brandeg. %
Hatch et al. 1990, as listed. Not included in Isely 1998. The type from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Here regarded as non-native, critically requiring documentation.
* Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)
Benth.
Isely, D. 1972. Legumes of the United States. VI. Calliandra,
Pithecellobium, Prosopis.
Madroño 21:
273–298.
The statement of
range noted “Southern Florida and southernmost (Cameron Co.) Texas, occasional
in cultivation and as an escape.” Excluded from the Texas
flora.
* Senna surattensis (Burm. f.)
Irwin & Barneby
Isely, D. 1998. Native and naturalized Leguminosae (Fabaceae) of the
United States (exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii).
The statement of range noted “Old World tropics, planted and naturalized in warm regions of New World. In US, subtropical FL, s TX, urban CA in cult.” Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Sesbania emerus
(Aubl.) Urb. %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped; widely distributed in
east Texas. Not in PLANTS Database for
Texas
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
*
Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Poir.
Godfrey, R.K. 1988. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Univ. of Georgia Press, Athens.
Texas (“not confirmed” by M.C. Johnston 1990).; excluded from the Texas flora.
* Spartium junceum L.
Worthington, R.D. 1996. Comments on plant species added to the flora
of Texas from El Paso County with more additions. Phytologia 80: 121–127.
El Paso Co.; “commonly escapes from cultivation and becomes established on
vacant lots, roadsides, and arroyos.”
*
Trifolium lappaceum L.
Brown L.E. and C.E. Peterson. 1984. Carex rosea (Cyperaceae), Trifolium lappaceum (Fabaceae), and Aira caryophyllacea (Poaceae) new to Texas. Sida 10: 263–264.
Hardin, Harris cos., lawns and roadsides
* Trifolium subterraneum L. %
Turner et al. (2003), as mapped.
*
Trifolium vesiculosum Savi
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496.
Eastern Texas, adventive in pastures and roadsides
Add Madison, Robertson cos., fide M. Reed,
Jan 2009
* Trifolium willdenovii
Spreng.
Not in the PLANTS Database for Texas; not attributed to Texas by Isely (1998). Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Vicia grandiflora Scop.
Singhurst, J.R., M. White, and W.C.Holmes.
2002. Noteworthy collections:
Texas. Vicia grandiflora (Fabaceae), Iris fulva (Iridaceae), and Silene
virginica (Caryophyllaceae).
Castanea 67: 213–216.
Fannin Co.
* Vicia
hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray
Flook, J.M. 1975. Additions and corrections to the flora of Texas. Sida 6: 114.
Shelby Co., near Center
* Vicia lathyroides L.
Hill, S., R. Loper, J.R. Singhurst, and W.C. Holmes. 2007.
Vicia lathyroides (Fabaceae): new to the flora of Texas. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 1253–1254.
Smith Co.
* Vicia lutea L.
Neill, A.K. 1999. Vicia lutea (Fabaceae) new to
Texas. Sida 18: 1265–1266.
Madison Co.
* Vicia
tetrasperma (L.) Moench
Nixon, E.S. and S.C. Damuth. 1988. Five additions to the Texas flora. Sida 12: 421–423.
Walker, Trinity, Anderson, and Morris cos. in 1984, Cherokee and Smith cos. in 1985. Noted to be quickly spreading.
* Wisteria floribunda (Willd.)
DC.
Attributed to Texas by the PLANTS Database on the basis of
Duncan (1967), but Duncan did not map this species for Texas; not attributed to
Texas by Isely (1998). Excluded from the Texas flora.
Duncan, W.H.
1967. Woody vines of the
southeastern states. Sida 3: 1–76.
FUMARIACEAE
* Fumaria densiflora DC.
Reed, M., R.V. Lansdown, and T.C.G. Rich. 2008. The species of Fumaria (Papaveraceae) in Texas, including F.
densiflora,
first records from North America. J.
Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 2: 1347–1351.
Bexar, Dimmit, Montgomery, Travis, Wharton cos. Non-natives Fumaria officinalis L. and Fumaria parviflora Lam. were included in Correll & Johnston
(1970). Among the collections of F. officinalis, Reed et al. identified subsp. officinalis and subsp. wirtgenii (Koch) Sell.
GENTIANACEAE
* Centaurium muhlenbergii (Griseb.) Piper
Holmes, W.C. and D.E. Wivagg.
1996. Identification and
distribution of Centaurium muhlenbergii and C. pulchellum
(Gentianaceae) in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Phytologia 80: 23–29.
Ellis, Falls, Freestone, Hardin, Johnson, Leon, Limestone, McLennan, Milam,
Navarro, Robertson cos. Very similar to
C. pulchellum.
* Centarium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496.
Hardin, Harris cos.
Holmes, W.C. and D.E. Wivagg.
1996. Identification and
distribution of Centaurium muhlenbergii and C. pulchellum
(Gentianaceae) in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Phytologia 80: 23–29.
Galveston, Hardin, Harris, Jasper, Liberty, Limestone, Orange, Rusk, Tyler
cos. Turner (1993) cited specimens for
Brazoria Co. and Hardin Co.
GERANIACEAE
* Erodium malacoides (L.) Willd.
Lemke, D.E. and J.L. Aplaca.
2006. Erodium malacoides
(Geraniaceae), new to Texas. Sida 22:
1245–1249.
Hays Co.
GOODENIACEAE
* Scaveola
plumieri (L.) Vahl
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“This species has apparently not been found in Texas after Hurricane Carla.”
Tom Patterson, pers. observ., May 2009: Scaveola plumieri was collected in Cameron Co. in 1928 and in Nueces Co. in 1928, 1954, and 1953. Apparently this species does not persist in Texas. In the town of South Padre Island a cultivated variety of S. plumieri is planted around condos but I have not seen it escape. I found a natural population south of Playa de Bagdad in the Municipio of Matamoros, so with time it may become reestablished in Texas.”
HALORAGACEAE
*
Myriophyllum hippuroides T. & G.
Aiken, S.G. 1981. A conspectus of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in North America. Brittonia 33: 57–69.
Reed, C.F. 1970. Selected weeds of the United States. Agric. Research Service, USDA Handbook 336.
Taylor, R.J. and C.E.S.
Taylor. 1989. An annotated
list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of Oklahoma.
Tyrl, R.J. (coordinator) et al. 2009. Keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of Oklahoma. Flora Oklahoma, Inc. Noble, Oklahoma.
Aiken (1981) simply gave a general distributional statement from Reed (1970), who “found that it occurred in the western half of the United States and extended east to the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.” Johnston (1990) included it in his updated list based on the reference by Aiken (1981). Otherwise, no documentation apparently exists for this species in Texas, at least in Texas herbaria, and it is here excluded from the Texas flora. It is cited by PLANTS for Oklahoma based on Taylor and Taylor (1989), but the recent account of the Oklahoma flora (2009) does not include the species.
Reed (1970) remarked that “M. hippuroides is not too dissimilar from M. heterophyllum and may prove to be identical with it.” The native range of M. hippuroides is California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, and it perhaps is restricted to that area.
*
Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Included in the 1970 Texas Flora; documented by voucher at TEX for 10 counties and noted by Jackie Poole (pers. comm.) to be “probably another underrepresented species, due in part to it being overlooked as another Myriophyllum species.” Counties represented by TEX collections: Burnet, Colorado, Crosby, Hardin, Hays, Hutchinson, Jack, Menard, Panola, and Robertson.
Reed, C.F. 1977. History and distribution of Eurasian watermilfoil in United States and Canada. Phytologia 36: 417–436. Reed cited collections from Hays Co., Burnet Co., and the “Colorado-Fayette Co. line.”
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Flook, J.M. 1975. Additions and corrections to the flora of Texas. Sida 6: 114.
Hays Co., backwaters of San Marcos River
The species is shown in the PLANTS Database in Wise and Freestone cos.; in the Turner et al. (2006) Atlas in Brazos, Freestone, Hays, Jackson, Polk, and Washington cos.; the specimen database for herbarium TEX has collections from Freestone, Hays, Lee, and Travis cos.
Mapped collection data for Hydrilla verticillata on the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species web site (http://nas.er.usgs.gov/) show the species in at least 85 counties, as counted from an overlay of counties over the drainage systems in which it is known to occur.
* Ottelia
alismoides (L.) Pers.
Brown L.E. and K.N. Gandhi. 1989. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions, range extensions, and one correction. Phytologia 67: 394–399.
Jefferson Co., “common aquatic in J.D. Murphree Wildlife Management Area in Port Acres”
IRIDACEAE
* Crocosmia ×crocosmiiflora (V. Lemoine) N.E. Br. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed
* Iris
pallida Lam. %
Listed by the Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group (internet site apparently no long accessible).
* Romulea
rosea (L.) Eckl.
Singhurst, J.R., K.M. Fleming, R. Loper, V. Privett, and W.C. Holmes. 2009. Romulea rosea (Iridaceae): Adventive in Texas. Phytologia 91: 73–75.
Henderson Co. “In 2005, the population consisted of approximately twenty individuals scattered over about one-half hectare under closed, undisturbed forest canopy dominated by Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus spp., and Carya sp. In March 2008, the population was estimated to be ‘at least 100 plants over a larger area’ (Fleming, pers. obs.).”
*
Sisyrinchium iridifolium Kunth
Listed for
Texas by Gould (1975; Texas plants - A checklist
and ecological summary) but not in any later accounts. The species is excluded from the Texas flora.
* Tritonia
crocosmiflora Lem.
Correll, D.S. 1972. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas: I. Additions and corrections. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88: 490–496.
Hardin Co., escaped along a RR track
JUGLANDACEAE
* Juglans ×bixbyi Rehd. [J.
ailanthifolia × J. cinerea]
This taxon is included for Texas by the PLANTS web site, which sites as the
source “Manning,
Wayne. Personal
communication.”
Manning’s observation probably was of a cultivated plant, and without
any other documentation; it is excluded from the naturlized Texas flora.
LAMIACEAE
* Glechoma
hederacea L. %
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
Texas.
* Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.
Brown, L.E. and I.S. Elsik.
2002. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. II. Sida 20: 437–444.
Liberty Co.
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant records.
III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1:
1255–1264.
Hardin Co.
* Mentha arvensis L. %
Noted by Correll & Johnston (1970) to be circumboreal, but it is likely that most of the North American population is introduced.
* Mentha suaveolens L.
Hulten, E. and M. Fries. 1986.
Atlas of North European vascular plants north of
the Tropic of Cancer.
There are no
vouchers at TEX (in contrast to the PLANTS Database), but it has been collected
as an escape in Tarrant Co. (Nesom 0000, BRIT).
* Prunella vulgaris L.
“The
European var. vulgaris, introduced into disturbed sites in our range,
tends to have relatively broad leaves, the middle cauline ones half as wide as
long, with broadly rounded base. The
native var. lanceolata, in both disturbed and natural sites, has
narrower leaves, the middle cauilne one a third as wide as long, with tapering
base. (Gleason & Cronquist 1991, p. 450).
The Texas plants are var. vulgaris, if such a distinction
actually can be made in North America.
* Rosmarinus officinalis L. %
Noted by Correll & Johnston (1970), in the introduction to Lamiaceae, to be a “possible escape.”
* Salvia hispanica L. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Scutellaria minor Hudson
Brown, L.E. 1986. Scutellaria minor (Lamiaceae) new to
North America. Sida 11: 489.
Montgomery Co., roadside ditches in town of Porter and near Kingwood
* Stachys arvensis (L.) L.
Mulligan, G.A. and D.B. Munro. 1989.
Taxonomy of species of North American Stachys (Labiatae) found
north of Mexico. Naturaliste Canadien 116: 35–51.
“It has been introduced from Europe into waste land and cultivated
fields in British Columbia, California, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, New York, Nova Scotia, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. It only seems to persist along the west
coast of North America. (p. 40).”
Attributed to Texas by the PLANTS Database on the basis of Mulligan
& Munro (1989) but there is no mention of S.
arvensis in Texas in that publication. Excluded from the Texas flora.
* Stachys floridana Shuttlew. ex Benth. in DC.
Nelson, J.B. 1981. Stachys (Labiatae) in southeastern
United States. Sida 9: 104–123.
Mapped by Turner et al.
(2003) from Brazoria, Galveston, Hardin, Tyler, and Walker cos.; native to the
SE USA but invasively expanding its range.
The type collection was made in Florida. “Once established, a population of S. floridana grows
rapidly in confined or open areas, tending to choke out other plants if in a
lawn or garden. Most attempts at
eradication of the species fail; any disturbing of the tubers seems to
encourage new growth.” “The single most
important reason for its expanding distribution must be its being moved in
nursery stock, especially azaleas and camellias. Since Florida is one of the most active states in the ornamental
nursery trade, it is possible that nearly all of the collections of S.
floridana in the southeast could be traced, directly or indirectly, to
Florida” (Nelson 1981).
LEMNACEAE
* Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & Crawford
Formerly treated as Spirodela
punctata (G. Mey.) C.H. Thompson –– studies by Landolt (1986) and Crawford
and colleagues show this species to be native to Australia and Southeast
Asia. The earliest known collection
from North America was made in 1930 from Kansas City, Missouri.
Landolt,
E. 1986. The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study. Vol 1. In: Biosystematic Investigations in
the Family of Duckweeds (Lemnaceae).
Veroff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel. No. 71.
Les, D.H. and D.J. Crawford. 1999. Landoltia (Lemnaceae), a new genus of duckweeds. Novon 9: 530–533.
LENTIBULARIACEAE
* Utricularia foliosa L.
Indicated by Taylor (1989) to occur in Texas, but without
documentation. Brown, L.E. and S.J.
Marcus. 1998. Notes on the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. Sida 18: 315–324.
Brazoria Co., Chambers Co., Fort Bend Co., Hardin Co., Jefferson Co.,
Liberty Co. Native to the southestern
USA, and at its westernmost extension in Texas.
LILIACEAE
(sensu lato)
* Allium
ampeloprasum L. %
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“Occurring wild in Texas”
* Allium
cepa L.
Hatch et al. (1990) listed this species but explicitly noted that it is cultivated. The species is excluded from the Texas flora.
* Allium
porrum L. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Alstroemeria pulchella L. f.
Singhurst, J.R., E.L. Keith, and W.C. Holmes. 2005. Three species of
vascular plants new to Texas.
Phytologia 87: 124–128.
Newton Co.
* Asphodelus
fistulosus L. %
M.C. Johnston (1990), pers. observ.
“Rare adventive weed in western Texas”
* Crinum bulbispermum (Burm. f.) Milne-Redhead &
Schweickerdt
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed; Correll
& Johnston (1970) noted that the species “has been reported from Texas but
no material has been seen of this plant.”
Specimens at TEX document escapes of the species in Galveston, Harris,
Limestone, and Wharton cos.
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed,
incorrectly including Hemerocallis fulva as a synonym. Both species are roadside escapes in
Texas.
* Hyacinthus orientalis L.
%
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
* Lilium longiflorum Thunb.
Brown, L.E. and I.S. Elsik.
2002. Notes on the flora of
Texas with additions and other significant records. II. Sida 20: 437–444.
Newton Co.
* Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
Luckeydoo, L.M. 2005. Muscari comosum (Liliaceae) new to
Texas. Sida 21: 2445–2447.
Parker Co.
* Ornithogalum umbellatum L.
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed. A
specimen at TEX was collected in Midland (Midland Co.) in 1931 does not
indicate whether or not it was escaped.
* Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl.
Brown, L.E., E.L. Keith, D.J. Rosen, and J. Liggio. 2007.
Notes of the flora of Texas with additions and other significant
records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
1: 1255–1264.
Hardin, Harris cos.
LIMNOCHARITACEAE
* Hydrocleys nymphoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Buch. %
Hatch et al. (1990), as listed.
LYTHRACEAE